Freud and Neofreudianism

By [http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Michael_Alexander_Newman]Michael Alexander Newman If we view psychoanalysis as a scientific body of knowledge on the attitudes, psychology and philosophy (part of psychotherapy), Freudianism is the common name of various schools of thought seeking to apply psychological teachings of Freud to explain the phenomena pertaining to man, society and culture. A. Adler, and Jung are members of Freudianism. In the late 30s came neofreudianism linking the Freudian psychoanalysis to sociological theories. It criticized several provisions of classical psychoanalysis in the interpretation of intrapsychic processes, but leaving its key concepts (irrational motives of human action, the inherent limitations of each individual), representatives of neofreudianism shifted center of gravity for the study of interpersonal relations. This is done in an effort to answer questions about human existence, about how people should live and what to do. The cause of neuroses in man they consider anxiety that appears in a child in a collision with an initially hostile to him world and the growing lack of love and attention. Later for this reason it becomes impossible for an individual to achieve harmony with the social structure of modern society that shapes in a person a feeling of loneliness, isolation from others, alienation. That society is seen as a source of universal alienation and hostile indigenous recognized trends of personality development and transformation of social values and ideals. After healing of the individual also it should happen cure all of society. Among the most famous representatives of neofreudianism are Karen Horney (1885-1953), Erich Frome (1900-1980), W. Reich (1897-1957), Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979), etc.
Leading representative of neofreudianism was Erich Fromm. Significant role in shaping the views of Fromm was the fact that in the period 1929-1932 he was a member of the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt am Main, where in those years evolved the Frankfurt School (M. Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse). Fromm accepts that interpretation of Marxism, which occurred at this school in an effort to synthesize the ideas of the "young Marx" of psychoanalysis and other contemporary philosophical trends (existentialism, philosophical anthropology, etc. ). He believed that a person is nothing innate. All of his psychic manifestations are a consequence of submergence of the individual in different social environments. However, unlike Marxism, Fromm takes the character of the formation of a particular type of personality not from the direct impact of the social environment, but from the duality of human existence: "existential" and "historic. " By the existential component of the human being, he considers two facts:
1. man, in his words, initially located between life and death, "he is thrown into this world in a random place and time" and "gets out of it again by accident, "
2. there is a contradiction between the fact that every human being is the bearer of all the potentialities inherent in him, but can not implement them due to the short duration of his existence. A person can not avoid these contradictions, but responds to them in various ways, according to its nature and culture.
The historical contradictions, according to Fromm, have a completely different nature. They are not a necessary part of human existence, but are created and resolved by the person in his own life, or in subsequent periods of history. Elimination of historical contradictions Fromm connected with the creation of a new humanist society. In his book "Revolution of Hope" (1968), Fromm presents his ideas on ways to humanize the modern society. He had high hopes for the introduction of a "humanistic planning, " "revitalization by replacing individual methods" alienated bureaucracy "methods" of humanistic management ", change the way towards increased consumption " activation "of man and the elimination of its passivity, the proliferation of new forms of psychospiritual orientation, " which should be "the equivalent of the religious systems of the past. " At the same time Fromm put forward the idea of ��
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